<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><placename>  <system>China Historical GIS, Harvard University and Fudan University</system>  <license>CC BY-NC 4.0</license>  <uri>https://chgis.hudci.org/tgaz/placename/hvd_87833</uri> <spellings>    <spelling>      <written-form script="traditional Chinese">開州</written-form>      <exonym-lang></exonym-lang>      <attested-by></attested-by>      <note></note>    </spelling>    <spelling>      <written-form script="simplified Chinese">开州</written-form>      <exonym-lang></exonym-lang>      <attested-by></attested-by>      <note></note>    </spelling>    <spelling>      <transcription system="Pinyin">Kai Zhou</transcription>      <exonym-lang></exonym-lang>      <attested-by></attested-by>      <note></note>    </spelling>  </spellings>  <feature-type>    <name>州</name>    <alternate-name>州</alternate-name>    <transcription>zhou</transcription>    <translation lang="en">prefecture</translation>  </feature-type>  <temporal>    <begin>1114</begin>    <begin-rule>4</begin-rule>    <end>1911</end>    <end-rule>6</end-rule>  </temporal>  <spatial>    <object-type>POINT</object-type>    <xy-type>point</xy-type>    <latitude-direction>N</latitude-direction>    <degrees-latitude>35.70515</degrees-latitude>    <longitude-direction>E</longitude-direction>    <degrees-longitude>115.01371</degrees-longitude>    <geo-source>FROM_AC</geo-source>    <present-location>    </present-location>  </spatial>  <historical-context>    <part-of-relationships>      <part-of parent-id="hvd_111947" from="1144" to="1259" >        <parent-name>河北东路</parent-name>        <transcribed-name>Hebeidong Lu</transcribed-name>      </part-of>      <part-of parent-id="hvd_87776" from="1260" to="1367" >        <parent-name>大名路</parent-name>        <transcribed-name>Daminglu</transcribed-name>      </part-of>      <part-of parent-id="hvd_87777" from="1368" to="1372" >        <parent-name>大名府</parent-name>        <transcribed-name>Daming Fu</transcribed-name>      </part-of>      <part-of parent-id="hvd_87780" from="1368" to="1724" >        <parent-name>大名府</parent-name>        <transcribed-name>Daming Fu</transcribed-name>      </part-of>      <part-of parent-id="hvd_87780" from="1373" to="1911" >        <parent-name>大名府</parent-name>        <transcribed-name>Daming Fu</transcribed-name>      </part-of>      <part-of parent-id="hvd_87780" from="1725" to="1911" >        <parent-name>大名府</parent-name>        <transcribed-name>Daming Fu</transcribed-name>      </part-of>    </part-of-relationships>    <subordinate-units><br />
<b>Warning</b>:  Undefined array key "child_sys_id" in <b>/var/www/html/tgaz/placename.php</b> on line <b>566</b><br />
<br />
<b>Warning</b>:  Undefined array key "begin_year" in <b>/var/www/html/tgaz/placename.php</b> on line <b>566</b><br />
<br />
<b>Warning</b>:  Undefined array key "end_year" in <b>/var/www/html/tgaz/placename.php</b> on line <b>566</b><br />
      <subordinate-unit sys-id="" from="" to="" ><br />
<b>Warning</b>:  Undefined array key "child_vn" in <b>/var/www/html/tgaz/placename.php</b> on line <b>567</b><br />
        <name></name><br />
<b>Warning</b>:  Undefined array key "child_tr" in <b>/var/www/html/tgaz/placename.php</b> on line <b>568</b><br />
        <transcribed-name></transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>    </subordinate-units>  </historical-context>  <data-source>CHGIS</data-source>  <source-note>    <![CDATA[      开州（1114-1911年）
金皇统四年（1144年）改澶州置。⑴治濮阳县（今山东濮阳县驻地？？）。辖濮阳、清丰、观城、长垣等4县。属大名府路。元属大名路。至元二年（1265年），长垣、东明两县自大名路来属。⑵明洪武元年（1368年）属大名府。洪武二年（1369年）四月，以州治濮阳县省入。洪武七年（1374年）三月，清丰县改属大名府。领长垣、东明二县。⑶清康熙时仍属大名府，领长垣县。⑷此后不领县，至清末未变。⑸

⑴《金史》卷25《地理中》，中华书局，第2册，第629页。
⑵《元史》卷58《地理一》；中华书局，第5册，第1361页。
⑶《明史》卷40《地理一》；北京，中华书局，第4册，第899页。
⑷康熙《清会典》卷18《州县一》。
⑸《职官录》（清宣统三年冬季）直隶；台湾文海出版社有限公司《近代中国史料丛刊》影印本，第671页）    ]]>  </source-note>  <source-uri>      </source-uri></placename>