<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><placename>  <system>China Historical GIS, Harvard University and Fudan University</system>  <license>CC BY-NC 4.0</license>  <uri>https://chgis.hudci.org/tgaz/placename/hvd_24233</uri> <spellings>    <spelling>      <written-form script="traditional Chinese">章練塘</written-form>      <exonym-lang></exonym-lang>      <attested-by></attested-by>      <note></note>    </spelling>    <spelling>      <written-form script="simplified Chinese">章练塘</written-form>      <exonym-lang></exonym-lang>      <attested-by></attested-by>      <note></note>    </spelling>    <spelling>      <transcription system="Pinyin">Zhangliantang</transcription>      <exonym-lang></exonym-lang>      <attested-by></attested-by>      <note></note>    </spelling>  </spellings>  <feature-type>    <name>村镇</name>    <alternate-name>村鎮</alternate-name>    <transcription>cun zhen</transcription>    <translation lang="en">villages and small towns</translation>  </feature-type>  <temporal>    <begin>1820</begin>    <begin-rule>9</begin-rule>    <end>1820</end>    <end-rule>9</end-rule>  </temporal>  <spatial>    <object-type>POINT</object-type>    <xy-type>point</xy-type>    <latitude-direction>N</latitude-direction>    <degrees-latitude>31.00759</degrees-latitude>    <longitude-direction>E</longitude-direction>    <degrees-longitude>121.04224</degrees-longitude>    <geo-source>FROM_AC</geo-source>    <present-location>    </present-location>  </spatial>  <historical-context>    <part-of-relationships>      <part-of parent-id="hvd_40504" from="1820" to="1820" >        <parent-name>青浦县</parent-name>        <transcribed-name>Qingpu Xian</transcribed-name>      </part-of>    </part-of-relationships>    <subordinate-units><br />
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      <subordinate-unit sys-id="" from="" to="" ><br />
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        <name></name><br />
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        <transcribed-name></transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>    </subordinate-units>  </historical-context>  <data-source>CHGIS</data-source>  <source-note>    <![CDATA[      <html><body>章练塘（1820年）<br><br>在今上海市青浦县西南练塘镇。清康熙初形成市镇，⑴分属青浦、长洲、吴江三县。⑵清宣统二年（1910）全属青浦县，⑶1945年起简化为练塘镇。⑷<br><br>⑴初见于清康熙《松江府志》。暂以清康熙元年（1662）为集市形成之年。<br>⑵清倪师孟等纂：乾隆《吴江县志》卷4《镇市》：“庄练塘镇在二十九都，去县治东九十里，与长洲、青浦合辖。民居稠密，百货具备。其居吴江者，今几千家。”（清乾隆十二年刻本，石印重印本，16页）<br>⑶于定修、金咏榴等纂：《青浦县续志》卷1《沿革》：“青浦由华亭、上海两县析地所置，已详前志。宣统元年颁布府厅州县自治章程，有改正插花之令。二年，苏省地方自治筹备处通饬各属将斗入插花等地绘图列表，详请核准实行厘正。于是章练塘镇人邹铨上书筹备处，以章练塘地属元和、吴江两邑，而四周皆青境壤地，插花不便行政，请以其地并青。当道韪之，檄元、江、青三县会勘，将元邑属地二十八都辖图十一、江邑属地十二都（一作二十九都）辖图一、二十九都辖图二（实只一图有半，详后自治区域）割隶青浦。”（1934年刊本，1页）<br>⑷据上海市青浦县县志编纂委员会编《青浦县志》第二篇《建置》，汪伪时期置有七区（章练塘），1945年抗战胜利后所置各乡镇中有练塘镇（上海人民出版社，1990年，78页）。据此，以1945年为章练塘地名简化之年。</body></html>    ]]>  </source-note>  <source-uri>      </source-uri></placename>